Core Concept Data Ontology
type: Ontology
abstract: This ontology pattern describes geodata types representing core concepts of spatial information (Kuhn 2012) as well as further semantic distinctions relevant for geocomputation and geo-analysis. This includes measurement levels of attributes, in particular extensive and intensive attributes, as well as basic geometric models (raster and vector geometry, tessellations). The ontology can be used to automate wporkflow synthesis by using its classes as signature (input/output) types for GIS tools. The ontology was introduced and is explained in: Scheider et la. (2020): Ontology of core concept data types for answering geo-analytical questions. Journal of Spatial Information Science 20 (2020): 167-201. https://josis.org/index.php/josis/article/view/125
creator: Simon Scheider
description: This ontology pattern describes geodata types representing core concepts of spatial information (Kuhn 2012) we well as further semantic attribute distinctions relevant for geocomputation and geo-analysis.
bibliographic citation: Scheider et la. (2020): Ontology of core concept data types for answering geo-analytical questions. Journal of Spatial Information Science 20 (2020): 167-201.
created: 2020-06-30
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
doi: 10.5311/JOSIS.2020.20.55
status: Draft
preferred namespace prefix: ccd
preferred namespace uri: http://geographicknowledge.de/vocab/CoreConceptData.rdf#
comment: This ontology pattern describes geodata types representing core concepts of spatial information (Kuhn 2012) we well as further semantic attribute distinctions relevant for geocomputation and geo-analysis. The ontology was introduced in: Scheider et la. (2020): Ontology of core concept data types for answering geo-analytical questions. Journal of Spatial Information Science 20 (2020): 167-201. https://josis.org/index.php/josis/article/view/125
version IRI: http://geographicknowledge.de/vocab/CoreConceptDatav1.rdf
version info: 1

AmountDS
type: Class
subclass of: CoreConceptDataSet
comment: Dataset of amounts of objects

AmountQ
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: AmountDS
  on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: CoreConceptQ
comment: An attribute that represents a (quantified) amount, which is a quantity defined by an arbitrary part of space. This can be either an amount of objects or an amount of some field.

AmountRasterDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: AmountDS
  intersection of: Raster
subclass of: AmountDS
comment: A raster data set where each cell represents an amount of objects

AmountVectorDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: AmountDS
  intersection of: Vector
subclass of: AmountDS
comment: A dataset where each geometry denotes an amount of objects

Attribute
type: Class
comment: Attributes of a tabular dataset. Each attribute corresponds to a column in the table.

BooleanA
type: Class
subclass of: NominalA
comment: Boolean attributes are spatial attributes within the range of True/False. They are special types of (bi)nominal attributes

BoundedPhen
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: ExistenceRaster
  union of: ExistenceVector
  union of: ObjectVector
subclass of: Attribute
comment: This is a spatial attribute which denotes a bounded phenomenon. Can be either a object vector or an existence raster

Contour
type: Class
subclass of: Coverage
subclass of: OrdinalA
comment: Contour layers are coverages that denote intervals of the reprepresented continuous field. For example, temperature intervals, represented as regions bounded by isolines of a temperature field.

ContourDS
type: Class
subclass of: CoverageDS
comment: A dataset representing a field using contours, which denote the boundaries of value intervals. For example, a terrain contour map.

CoreConceptDataSet
type: Class
subclass of: SpatialDataSet
comment: A data set which represents a core concept of spatial information. The attributes of this dataset are assumed to be of corresponding types.

CoreConceptQ
type: Class
subclass of: Attribute
comment: Superclass of all core concept qualities.

CountA
type: Class
subclass of: RatioA
comment: An attribute that denotes counts of discrete entities (compare Chrisman 1998)

Coverage
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Tessellation
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: FieldQ
subclass of: TessellationA
comment: Coverages are tessellated layers that represent a continuous field. For example, landuse polygons.

CoverageDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldDS
  intersection of: Tessellation
subclass of: FieldDS
comment: A dataset representing a field using (possibly irregular) patches of homogeneous values. For example, a landuse map or a soil map.

CyclicA
type: Class
subclass of: NominalA
comment: An attribute that denotes a cyclical measure, like an angle. Note that cyclical measures don't have a natural ordering and thus are not ordinal scaled. (compare Chrisman 1998)

ERA
type: Class
equivalent class: ERA
subclass of: RatioA
comment: Extensive region attribute. Since attributes are extensive, their values increase with the size of their support regions. Zero size regions are zero then defined to be zero, which implies a ratio scale level.

EventDS
type: Class
subclass of: CoreConceptDataSet
comment: A spatial dataset representing events

EventQ
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: EventDS
  on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: CoreConceptQ
comment: This attribute represents a quality of an event (core concept). For example, the duration.

EventVector
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: EventQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Vector
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: EventQ
subclass of: VectorA
comment: Events represented in terms of an attribute of a vector data set. For example, the magnitude of earthquakes represented as an attribute of a point data set.

ExistenceRaster
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: BooleanA
  intersection of: FieldRaster
subclass of: BooleanA
subclass of: BoundedPhen
subclass of: FieldRaster
comment: Existence rasters are rasters representing boolean fields (fields denoting whether something is present at a cell location or not).

ExistenceVector
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: BooleanA
  intersection of: FieldVector
subclass of: BooleanA
subclass of: BoundedPhen
subclass of: FieldVector
subclass of: VectorA
comment: A vector layer attribute that satisfies a boolean expression and thus denotes the 'existence' of some attribute encoded phenomenon across space. Example is a layer of polygons of ''forest'' landuse or a layer of "parks".

ExtLattice
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Lattice
  intersection of: ERA
subclass of: Lattice
subclass of: ERA
comment: This type of lattice has an extensive attribute. For example, a spatial dataset about the population number of municipalities

FieldDS
type: Class
subclass of: CoreConceptDataSet
comment: A spatial dataset representing a field

FieldQ
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: FieldDS
  on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: CoreConceptQ
comment: An attribute which represents the quality of a field (core concept). This implies that the spatial data items in this data set are self-similar (their parts have the same attribute)

FieldRaster
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Raster
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: FieldQ
subclass of: RasterA
comment: Field rasters are raster representations of continuous fields. For example, raster layers representing a terrain height (DTM).

FieldRasterDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldDS
  intersection of: Raster
subclass of: FieldDS
comment: A dataset representing a field by homogeneous values using raster cells

FieldVector
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Vector
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: FieldQ
subclass of: VectorA
comment: A vector representation of a field. Can be a point or line measure, or a coverage, or a Patch

IRA
type: Class
equivalent class: IRA
subclass of: RatioA
comment: Intensive region attribute. An attribute that is independent from the size of its support region.

IntervalA
type: Class
subclass of: OrdinalA
comment: An interval scaled attribute

Lattice
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: ObjectQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Tessellation
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: ObjectQ
subclass of: TessellationA
comment: A lattice is a spatial tessellation that represents objects and their qualities. For example, a set of municipalities with average income.

LatticeDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: ObjectDS
  intersection of: Tessellation
subclass of: ObjectDS
comment: A dataset of objects which tesselate space and contain statistical summaries. For example, the municipalities of the Netherlands

LayerA
type: Class
subclass of: Attribute
comment: Superclass of of attribute types that characterize a geometric layer property

Line
type: Class
subclass of: Spatial
comment: A generalized notion of a line in 2D and 3D

LineA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Attribute
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: LineDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: VectorA
comment: Attribute of some Line data set

LineDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Vector
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: LineData
    on property: hasElement
disjoint with: PointDS
disjoint with: RegionDS
comment: Line data set

LineData
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: SpatialData
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Line
    on property: hasAttribute
comment: Line data

LineMeasures
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: LineDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: FieldQ
subclass of: LineA
comment: Linear representations of fields. Examples are isoline maps

LineMeasuresDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldDS
  intersection of: LineDS
subclass of: FieldDS
comment: A representation of a field as a line of homogeneous values

MatrixDS
type: Class
subclass of: RelationalDS
comment: A network relation where the complete cross-product of an object domain forms the key. Examples would be origin-destination matrices.

MatrixQ
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: MatrixDS
  on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: RelationalQ
comment: an attribute of a matrix. For example, distance in an origin-destination matrix.

NetworkDS
type: Class
subclass of: RelationalDS
comment: A spatial dataset representing a spatial network. Note thate a network in the sense of a core concept is a quantified relation between objects. For example, the traffic flow between municipalities or between two intersections. Streets themselves can also be seen as objects if they do not encode such relations

NetworkQ
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: NetworkDS
  on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: RelationalQ
comment: This attribute represents the quality of a network edge. Note that spatial networks (as core concepts) are regarded as quantified relations between objects. So O-IRA-O would be an intensive quality measured between two objects, such as their distance from each other.

NoDataExistenceRaster
type: Class
subclass of: ExistenceRaster
comment: A raster dataset where NoData is interpreted as boolean "false".

NominalA
type: Class
subclass of: Attribute
comment: A spatial attribute on nominal scale level

ObjectDS
type: Class
subclass of: CoreConceptDataSet
comment: A spatial data set representing objects

ObjectLine
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: ObjectQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: LineDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: LineA
subclass of: ObjectQ
comment: An attribute of an object line dataset

ObjectPoint
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: ObjectQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: PointDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: ObjectQ
subclass of: PointA
comment: An attribute of an object point dataset

ObjectQ
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: ObjectDS
  on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: CoreConceptQ
comment: An attribute that represents the quality of an object (core concept)

ObjectRegion
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: ObjectQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: RegionDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: ObjectQ
subclass of: RegionA
comment: An attribute that represents an object that has a region

ObjectVector
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: ObjectQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Vector
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: BoundedPhen
subclass of: ObjectQ
subclass of: VectorA
comment: Object vectors are vector representation of a set of objecs and their quality. For example, a point layer denoting points of Interest (POI) or buildings in a city together with their quality, e.g. the building height.

OrdinalA
type: Class
subclass of: NominalA
comment: A spatial attribute on ordinal scale level

Patch
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: RegionDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: FieldQ
subclass of: RegionA
comment: An attribute of some dataset representing homogeneous patches of a field as regions.

PatchDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldDS
  intersection of: RegionDS
subclass of: FieldDS
comment: A dataset which represents a field in terms patches of homogeneous values. Not necessarily tessellated

PlainIntervalA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: IntervalA
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: RatioA
subclass of: IntervalA
comment: An interval attribute that is plain/proper

PlainNominalA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: NominalA
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: OrdinalA
subclass of: NominalA
comment: A nominal attribute that is plain/proper (not ordinal or boolean)

PlainOrdinalA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: OrdinalA
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: IntervalA
subclass of: OrdinalA
comment: An ordinal attribute that is plain/proper (not interval)

PlainRatioA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: RatioA
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: CountA
subclass of: RatioA
comment: A ratio attribute that is plain/proper

PlainVectorRegion
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: VectorRegion
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: Tessellation
subclass of: VectorRegion
comment: Vector regions that are not tessellated

PlainVectorRegionA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: RegionA
  intersection of: VectorA
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: TessellationA
subclass of: RegionA
subclass of: VectorA
subclass of: VectorRegionA
comment: An attribute of a vector region layer that is not a tessellation

Point
type: Class
subclass of: Spatial
comment: A generalized notion of a point in 2D or 3D

PointA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Attribute
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: PointDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: VectorA
comment: Attribute of some point data set

PointDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Vector
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: PointData
    on property: hasElement
disjoint with: RegionDS
comment: Point data set

PointData
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: SpatialData
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Point
    on property: hasAttribute
comment: Point data

PointMeasures
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldQ
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: PointDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: FieldQ
subclass of: PointA
comment: Point measures are point-like representations of fields. For example, point data sets denoting the locations of measured temperature values.

PointMeasuresDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: FieldDS
  intersection of: PointDS
subclass of: FieldDS
comment: A dataset representing a field in terms of point-wise measures. For example, temperature sensor measurements.

QualityValue
type: Class
subclass of: Quality
comment: A single value of some quality

Raster
type: Class
subclass of: Tessellation
comment: A raster data set is a special kind of tessellation, where regions are regular squares.

RasterA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Attribute
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Raster
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: TessellationA
comment: Attribute of some Raster

RatioA
type: Class
subclass of: IntervalA
comment: Attribute on ratio scale level

Region
type: Class
subclass of: Spatial
comment: A generalized geometry, including 2D and 3D extended regions. In 2D, this might be a Polygon.

RegionA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Attribute
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: RegionDS
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: LayerA
comment: Atrribute of some region data sets

RegionDS
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: SpatialDataSet
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: RegionData
    on property: hasElement
comment: Region data set

RegionData
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: SpatialData
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Region
    on property: hasAttribute
comment: Region data

RelationalDS
type: Class
subclass of: CoreConceptDataSet
comment: A dataset that represents some quantified realtionb between other concepts. For example, a network (being a relation between objects).

RelationalQ
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: RelationalDS
  on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: CoreConceptQ
comment: An attribute of a dataset that represents some quantified relation between other core concepts. For example a network is relation between objects.

Tessellation
type: Class
subclass of: RegionDS
comment: A region data set where spatial regions are tessellated (jointly covering and mutually non-overlapping) within a spatial extent

TessellationA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Attribute
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Tessellation
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: RegionA
comment: An attribute of a tesselation data set

Track
type: Class
subclass of: EventVector
comment: A type for a spatial track. A spatial track is a vector representation of "fix" events of some moving object. For example, a GPS track of points of a person moving.

TrackDS
type: Class
subclass of: EventDS
subclass of: PointDS
comment: A dataset representing tracks, i.e. point wise events (fixes) of the trajectory of some objects.

Vector
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: SpatialDataSet
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: Raster
comment: Vector data sets are spatial data sets that are not raster

VectorA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Attribute
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Vector
    on property: ofDataSet
subclass of: LayerA
comment: Attribute of some vector data set

VectorRegion
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: RegionDS
  intersection of: Vector
subclass of: RegionDS
subclass of: Vector
comment: Dataset with vector regions as geometry

VectorRegionA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: RegionA
  intersection of: VectorA
subclass of: RegionA
subclass of: VectorA
comment: An attribute of a region vector layer

VectorTessellation
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Tessellation
  intersection of: Vector
subclass of: Tessellation
subclass of: VectorRegion
comment: This is a vector data set which is tessellated (and no raster)

VectorTessellationA
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: TessellationA
  intersection of: VectorA
subclass of: TessellationA
subclass of: VectorA
subclass of: VectorRegionA
comment: An attribute of a vector tessellation

ZeroExistenceRaster
type: Class
subclass of: ExistenceRaster
comment: A raster dataset where 0 is interpreted as boolean "false"

ERA
type: Class
subclass of: RatioA
comment: Extensive region attribute. Since attributes are extensive, their values increase with the size of their support regions. Zero size regions are zero then defined to be zero, which implies a ratio scale level.

IRA
type: Class
subclass of: RatioA
comment: Intensive region attribute. An attribute that is independent from the size of its support region.

measureConnect
comment: ofDataSet o hasElement o hasMeasure o valueOf

supportConnect
comment: ofDataSet o hasElement o hasSupport o valueOf